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\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u4e26\u975e\u6b50\u6d32\u539f\u751f\u690d\u7269\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u8d77\u6e90\u65bc\u4e2d\u4e9e,\u5728\u5967\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u88ab\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7a2e\u690d,\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u5177\u6709\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u738b\u671d\u99d0\u5967\u65af\u66fc\u5bae\u5ef7\u5927\u4f7f\u5967\u5409\u723e\u00b7\u5409\u65af\u862d\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u5e03\u65af\u8c9d\u514b(Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq)\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u57281554\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5c07\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u5f15\u5165\u897f\u6b50,\u5c07\u7403\u6839\u548c\u7a2e\u5b50\u9001\u56de\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u3002\u5f9e\u90a3\u88e1,\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u50b3\u64ad\u5230\u8377\u862d,\u7d04\u57281590\u5e74\u4ee3\u62b5\u9054\u3002 \u72c2\u71b1\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78 \u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u4e4b\u8655 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\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u8377\u862d\u8cb7\u5bb6\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u662f,\u9019\u4e9b\u7f8e\u9e97\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u5716\u6848\u662f\u7531\u75c5\u6bd2\u2014\u2014\u5177\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u788e\u8272\u75c5\u6bd2(TBV)\u2014\u2014\u5f15\u8d77\u7684,\u7531\u869c\u87f2\u50b3\u64ad\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u984f\u8272\u4e2d\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4e0d\u53ef\u9810\u6e2c\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u4e00\u682a\u666e\u901a\u7684\u7d05\u8272\u6216\u9ec3\u8272\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u53ef\u80fd\u7a81\u7136\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u500b\u7403\u6839,\u7a2e\u690d\u5f8c\u6703\u958b\u51fa\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u689d\u7d0b\u6216\u706b\u7130\u5716\u6848\u82b1\u6735\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u4e0d\u53ef\u9810\u6e2c\u6027\u70ba\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u7a2e\u690d\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86\u8ced\u535a\u5143\u7d20\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4f55\u6642\u53ef\u80fd\u57f9\u80b2\u51fa\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u58ef\u89c0\u54c1\u7a2e\u3002 \u683d\u57f9\u6311\u6230 \u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u4e5f\u96e3\u4ee5\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u8207\u8a31\u591a\u7522\u751f\u8c50\u5bcc\u7a2e\u5b50\u7684\u82b1\u5349\u4e0d\u540c,\u73cd\u8cb4\u7684\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u54c1\u7a2e\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u904e\u57f9\u990a\u7403\u6839\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u7e41\u6b96,\u9019\u9700\u8981\u6578\u5e74\u6642\u9593\u624d\u80fd\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u6bcd\u7403\u6839\u6bcf\u5e74\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u7522\u751f\u5169\u5230\u4e09\u500b\u5074\u7403,\u9019\u4e9b\u5074\u7403\u9700\u8981\u518d\u904e\u5e7e\u5e74\u624d\u80fd\u958b\u82b1\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u7de9\u6162\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\u901f\u5ea6\u9020\u6210\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7a00\u7f3a\u6027,\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5c0d\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u56ae\u5f80\u7684\u54c1\u7a2e\u3002 \u5e02\u5834\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77(1593-1634) \u65e9\u671f\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6 \u6700\u521d,\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u662f\u5bcc\u6709\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6\u548c\u690d\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u5c08\u5c6c\u9818\u57df\u3002\u840a\u9813\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u690d\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u5361\u7f85\u76e7\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u76e7\u4fee\u65af(Carolus Clusius)\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u611b\u597d\u8005,\u57f9\u80b2\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u3002\u6839\u64da\u50b3\u8aaa,\u7576\u514b\u76e7\u4fee\u65af\u62d2\u7d55\u51fa\u552e\u6216\u5206\u4eab\u4ed6\u7684\u7403\u6839\u6642,\u5c0f\u5077\u5f9e\u4ed6\u7684\u82b1\u5712\u5077\u8d70\u4e86\u5b83\u5011,\u5e6b\u52a9\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u50b3\u904d\u8377\u862d\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u771f\u5be6\u8207\u5426,\u9019\u500b\u6545\u4e8b\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u7570\u570b\u82b1\u5349\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9700\u6c42\u3002 \u5e02\u5834\u64f4\u5f35 \u52301620\u5e74\u4ee3,\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u5df2\u5f9e\u690d\u7269\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u6210\u70ba\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u8c61\u5fb5\u3002\u64c1\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7a2e\u6709\u7a00\u6709\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u7684\u82b1\u5712\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4fee\u990a\u3001\u54c1\u5473\u548c\u8ca1\u5bcc\u3002\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u82b1\u5712\u6210\u70ba\u65c5\u904a\u666f\u9ede,\u4e3b\u4eba\u6536\u53d6\u9580\u7968\u8cbb\u7528\u8b93\u4eba\u53c3\u89c0\u4ed6\u5011\u73cd\u8cb4\u7684\u6a19\u672c\u3002\u82b1\u6735\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u8377\u862d\u975c\u7269\u756b\u4e2d,\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u978f\u56fa\u4e86\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u6587\u5316\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002 \u5c08\u696d\u7a2e\u690d\u8005 \u96a8\u8457\u9700\u6c42\u589e\u52a0,\u5c08\u696d\u7a2e\u690d\u8005\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86,\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u54c8\u52d2\u59c6(Haarlem)\u53ca\u5468\u908a\u5730\u5340,\u90a3\u88e1\u7684\u6c99\u8cea\u571f\u58e4\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u975e\u5e38\u9069\u5408\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u683d\u57f9\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u7a2e\u690d\u8005\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u57f9\u80b2\u548c\u7e41\u6b96\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58,\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u65b0\u54c1\u7a2e,\u540d\u7a31\u5982\u300c\u6c38\u9060\u7684\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u90fd\u300d(Semper Augustus)\u3001\u300c\u7e3d\u7763\u300d(Viceroy)\u548c\u300c\u6d77\u8ecd\u4e0a\u5c07\u8303\u5fb7\u827e\u514b\u300d(Admiral van der Eyck)\u3002\u6700\u58ef\u89c0\u7684\u54c1\u7a2e\u8981\u50f9\u5f88\u9ad8\u2014\u2014\u52301630\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d,\u4e00\u682a\u73cd\u8cb4\u54c1\u7a2e\u7684\u7403\u6839\u53ef\u80fd\u50f9\u503c\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u719f\u7df4\u5de5\u5320\u7684\u5e74\u85aa\u3002 \u72c2\u71b1\u968e\u6bb5(1634-1637) \u5e02\u5834\u6a5f\u5236 \u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u5e02\u5834\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u6700\u521d,\u8cb7\u5bb6\u76f4\u63a5\u5f9e\u7a2e\u690d\u8005\u8cfc\u8cb7\u7403\u6839\u3002\u7136\u800c,\u7531\u65bc\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u6708\u4efd\u5b89\u5168\u79fb\u690d(\u5927\u7d04\u516d\u6708\u81f3\u4e5d\u6708,\u7403\u6839\u4f11\u7720\u6642),\u671f\u8ca8\u5e02\u5834\u61c9\u904b\u800c\u751f\u3002\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6703\u7c3d\u7d04\u8cfc\u8cb7\u4ecd\u5728\u5730\u4e0b\u7684\u7403\u6839,\u5546\u5b9a\u6578\u6708\u5f8c\u4ea4\u4ed8\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u5408\u7d04\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u98a8\u8cbf\u6613\u300d(windhandel),\u6210\u70ba\u53ef\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5c0d\u5be6\u969b\u7a2e\u690d\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u4e0d\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u6295\u6a5f\u8005\u6703\u8cfc\u8cb7\u5408\u7d04,\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u4ea4\u4ed8\u65e5\u671f\u4e4b\u524d\u4ee5\u76c8\u5229\u51fa\u552e\u3002\u9019\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u9019\u985e\u5de5\u5177\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u884d\u751f\u54c1\u5e02\u5834\u3002 \u9152\u9928\u4ea4\u6613 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\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u8377\u862d\u8cb7\u5bb6\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u662f,\u9019\u4e9b\u7f8e\u9e97\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u5716\u6848\u662f\u7531\u75c5\u6bd2\u2014\u2014\u5177\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u788e\u8272\u75c5\u6bd2(TBV)\u2014\u2014\u5f15\u8d77\u7684,\u7531\u869c\u87f2\u50b3\u64ad\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u984f\u8272\u4e2d\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4e0d\u53ef\u9810\u6e2c\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u4e00\u682a\u666e\u901a\u7684\u7d05\u8272\u6216\u9ec3\u8272\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u53ef\u80fd\u7a81\u7136\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u500b\u7403\u6839,\u7a2e\u690d\u5f8c\u6703\u958b\u51fa\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u689d\u7d0b\u6216\u706b\u7130\u5716\u6848\u82b1\u6735\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u4e0d\u53ef\u9810\u6e2c\u6027\u70ba\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u7a2e\u690d\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86\u8ced\u535a\u5143\u7d20\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4f55\u6642\u53ef\u80fd\u57f9\u80b2\u51fa\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u58ef\u89c0\u54c1\u7a2e\u3002 \u683d\u57f9\u6311\u6230 \u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u4e5f\u96e3\u4ee5\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u8207\u8a31\u591a\u7522\u751f\u8c50\u5bcc\u7a2e\u5b50\u7684\u82b1\u5349\u4e0d\u540c,\u73cd\u8cb4\u7684\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u54c1\u7a2e\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u904e\u57f9\u990a\u7403\u6839\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u7e41\u6b96,\u9019\u9700\u8981\u6578\u5e74\u6642\u9593\u624d\u80fd\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u6bcd\u7403\u6839\u6bcf\u5e74\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u7522\u751f\u5169\u5230\u4e09\u500b\u5074\u7403,\u9019\u4e9b\u5074\u7403\u9700\u8981\u518d\u904e\u5e7e\u5e74\u624d\u80fd\u958b\u82b1\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u7de9\u6162\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\u901f\u5ea6\u9020\u6210\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7a00\u7f3a\u6027,\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5c0d\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u56ae\u5f80\u7684\u54c1\u7a2e\u3002 \u5e02\u5834\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77(1593-1634) \u65e9\u671f\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6 \u6700\u521d,\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u662f\u5bcc\u6709\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6\u548c\u690d\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u5c08\u5c6c\u9818\u57df\u3002\u840a\u9813\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u690d\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u5361\u7f85\u76e7\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u76e7\u4fee\u65af(Carolus Clusius)\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u611b\u597d\u8005,\u57f9\u80b2\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u3002\u6839\u64da\u50b3\u8aaa,\u7576\u514b\u76e7\u4fee\u65af\u62d2\u7d55\u51fa\u552e\u6216\u5206\u4eab\u4ed6\u7684\u7403\u6839\u6642,\u5c0f\u5077\u5f9e\u4ed6\u7684\u82b1\u5712\u5077\u8d70\u4e86\u5b83\u5011,\u5e6b\u52a9\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u50b3\u904d\u8377\u862d\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u771f\u5be6\u8207\u5426,\u9019\u500b\u6545\u4e8b\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u7570\u570b\u82b1\u5349\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9700\u6c42\u3002 \u5e02\u5834\u64f4\u5f35 \u52301620\u5e74\u4ee3,\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u5df2\u5f9e\u690d\u7269\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u6210\u70ba\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u8c61\u5fb5\u3002\u64c1\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7a2e\u6709\u7a00\u6709\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u7684\u82b1\u5712\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4fee\u990a\u3001\u54c1\u5473\u548c\u8ca1\u5bcc\u3002\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u82b1\u5712\u6210\u70ba\u65c5\u904a\u666f\u9ede,\u4e3b\u4eba\u6536\u53d6\u9580\u7968\u8cbb\u7528\u8b93\u4eba\u53c3\u89c0\u4ed6\u5011\u73cd\u8cb4\u7684\u6a19\u672c\u3002\u82b1\u6735\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u8377\u862d\u975c\u7269\u756b\u4e2d,\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u978f\u56fa\u4e86\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u6587\u5316\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002 \u5c08\u696d\u7a2e\u690d\u8005 \u96a8\u8457\u9700\u6c42\u589e\u52a0,\u5c08\u696d\u7a2e\u690d\u8005\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86,\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u54c8\u52d2\u59c6(Haarlem)\u53ca\u5468\u908a\u5730\u5340,\u90a3\u88e1\u7684\u6c99\u8cea\u571f\u58e4\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u975e\u5e38\u9069\u5408\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u683d\u57f9\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u7a2e\u690d\u8005\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u57f9\u80b2\u548c\u7e41\u6b96\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58,\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u65b0\u54c1\u7a2e,\u540d\u7a31\u5982\u300c\u6c38\u9060\u7684\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u90fd\u300d(Semper Augustus)\u3001\u300c\u7e3d\u7763\u300d(Viceroy)\u548c\u300c\u6d77\u8ecd\u4e0a\u5c07\u8303\u5fb7\u827e\u514b\u300d(Admiral van der Eyck)\u3002\u6700\u58ef\u89c0\u7684\u54c1\u7a2e\u8981\u50f9\u5f88\u9ad8\u2014\u2014\u52301630\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d,\u4e00\u682a\u73cd\u8cb4\u54c1\u7a2e\u7684\u7403\u6839\u53ef\u80fd\u50f9\u503c\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u719f\u7df4\u5de5\u5320\u7684\u5e74\u85aa\u3002 \u72c2\u71b1\u968e\u6bb5(1634-1637) \u5e02\u5834\u6a5f\u5236 \u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u5e02\u5834\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u6700\u521d,\u8cb7\u5bb6\u76f4\u63a5\u5f9e\u7a2e\u690d\u8005\u8cfc\u8cb7\u7403\u6839\u3002\u7136\u800c,\u7531\u65bc\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u6708\u4efd\u5b89\u5168\u79fb\u690d(\u5927\u7d04\u516d\u6708\u81f3\u4e5d\u6708,\u7403\u6839\u4f11\u7720\u6642),\u671f\u8ca8\u5e02\u5834\u61c9\u904b\u800c\u751f\u3002\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6703\u7c3d\u7d04\u8cfc\u8cb7\u4ecd\u5728\u5730\u4e0b\u7684\u7403\u6839,\u5546\u5b9a\u6578\u6708\u5f8c\u4ea4\u4ed8\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u5408\u7d04\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u98a8\u8cbf\u6613\u300d(windhandel),\u6210\u70ba\u53ef\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5c0d\u5be6\u969b\u7a2e\u690d\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u4e0d\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u6295\u6a5f\u8005\u6703\u8cfc\u8cb7\u5408\u7d04,\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u4ea4\u4ed8\u65e5\u671f\u4e4b\u524d\u4ee5\u76c8\u5229\u51fa\u552e\u3002\u9019\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u9019\u985e\u5de5\u5177\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u884d\u751f\u54c1\u5e02\u5834\u3002 \u9152\u9928\u4ea4\u6613 \u57281636-1637\u5e74\u51ac\u5b63\u72c2\u71b1\u9ad8\u5cf0\u671f\u9593,\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u4ea4\u6613\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u9152\u9928\u3002\u4ea4\u6613\u8005\u300c\u5b78\u9662\u300d\u6703\u5728\u9152\u9928\u5f8c\u5ba4\u6703\u9762,\u9032\u884c\u62cd\u8ce3\u548c\u92b7\u552e\u3002\u9019\u4f7f\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u6295\u6a5f\u5c0d\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u6703\u968e\u5c64\u958b\u653e\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u5546\u4eba,\u9084\u6709\u7e54\u5de5\u3001\u6728\u5320\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u5320\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u805a\u6703\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u6c1b\u570d,\u5728\u9152\u7cbe\u7684\u6f64\u6ed1\u4e0b,\u53ef\u80fd\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u65e5\u76ca\u760b\u72c2\u7684\u7af6\u6a19\u3002 \u50f9\u683c\u5347\u7d1a 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\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u4e26\u975e\u6b50\u6d32\u539f\u751f\u690d\u7269\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u8d77\u6e90\u65bc\u4e2d\u4e9e,\u5728\u5967\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\u88ab\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7a2e\u690d,\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u5177\u6709\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u738b\u671d\u99d0\u5967\u65af\u66fc\u5bae\u5ef7\u5927\u4f7f\u5967\u5409\u723e\u00b7\u5409\u65af\u862d\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u5e03\u65af\u8c9d\u514b(Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq)\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u57281554\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5c07\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u5f15\u5165\u897f\u6b50,\u5c07\u7403\u6839\u548c\u7a2e\u5b50\u9001\u56de\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u3002\u5f9e\u90a3\u88e1,\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u50b3\u64ad\u5230\u8377\u862d,\u7d04\u57281590\u5e74\u4ee3\u62b5\u9054\u3002 \u72c2\u71b1\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78 \u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u4e4b\u8655 \u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u56e0\u591a\u7a2e\u539f\u56e0\u5438\u5f15\u8377\u862d\u793e\u6703\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u7570\u570b\u690d\u7269,\u96e3\u4ee5\u683d\u57f9,\u8207\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u898b\u904e\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u82b1\u5349\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f,\u67d0\u4e9b\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u5c55\u73fe\u51fa\u58ef\u89c0\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u5716\u6848\u2014\u2014\u706b\u7130\u72c0\u3001\u7fbd\u6bdb\u72c0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u6bd4\u8272\u7684\u689d\u7d0b,\u896f\u6258\u5728\u7d14\u8272\u80cc\u666f\u4e0a\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u788e\u8272\u300d(broken)\u7684\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u6700\u53d7\u73cd\u8996\u3002 \u75c5\u6bd2\u56e0\u7d20 \u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u8377\u862d\u8cb7\u5bb6\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u662f,\u9019\u4e9b\u7f8e\u9e97\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u5716\u6848\u662f\u7531\u75c5\u6bd2\u2014\u2014\u5177\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u788e\u8272\u75c5\u6bd2(TBV)\u2014\u2014\u5f15\u8d77\u7684,\u7531\u869c\u87f2\u50b3\u64ad\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u75c5\u6bd2\u5728\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u984f\u8272\u4e2d\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4e0d\u53ef\u9810\u6e2c\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u4e00\u682a\u666e\u901a\u7684\u7d05\u8272\u6216\u9ec3\u8272\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u53ef\u80fd\u7a81\u7136\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u500b\u7403\u6839,\u7a2e\u690d\u5f8c\u6703\u958b\u51fa\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u689d\u7d0b\u6216\u706b\u7130\u5716\u6848\u82b1\u6735\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u4e0d\u53ef\u9810\u6e2c\u6027\u70ba\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u7a2e\u690d\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86\u8ced\u535a\u5143\u7d20\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4f55\u6642\u53ef\u80fd\u57f9\u80b2\u51fa\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u58ef\u89c0\u54c1\u7a2e\u3002 \u683d\u57f9\u6311\u6230 \u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u4e5f\u96e3\u4ee5\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u8207\u8a31\u591a\u7522\u751f\u8c50\u5bcc\u7a2e\u5b50\u7684\u82b1\u5349\u4e0d\u540c,\u73cd\u8cb4\u7684\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u54c1\u7a2e\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u904e\u57f9\u990a\u7403\u6839\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u7e41\u6b96,\u9019\u9700\u8981\u6578\u5e74\u6642\u9593\u624d\u80fd\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u6bcd\u7403\u6839\u6bcf\u5e74\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u7522\u751f\u5169\u5230\u4e09\u500b\u5074\u7403,\u9019\u4e9b\u5074\u7403\u9700\u8981\u518d\u904e\u5e7e\u5e74\u624d\u80fd\u958b\u82b1\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u7de9\u6162\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\u901f\u5ea6\u9020\u6210\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7a00\u7f3a\u6027,\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5c0d\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u56ae\u5f80\u7684\u54c1\u7a2e\u3002 \u5e02\u5834\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77(1593-1634) \u65e9\u671f\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6 \u6700\u521d,\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u662f\u5bcc\u6709\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6\u548c\u690d\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u5c08\u5c6c\u9818\u57df\u3002\u840a\u9813\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u690d\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u5361\u7f85\u76e7\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u76e7\u4fee\u65af(Carolus Clusius)\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u611b\u597d\u8005,\u57f9\u80b2\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u54c1\u3002\u6839\u64da\u50b3\u8aaa,\u7576\u514b\u76e7\u4fee\u65af\u62d2\u7d55\u51fa\u552e\u6216\u5206\u4eab\u4ed6\u7684\u7403\u6839\u6642,\u5c0f\u5077\u5f9e\u4ed6\u7684\u82b1\u5712\u5077\u8d70\u4e86\u5b83\u5011,\u5e6b\u52a9\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u50b3\u904d\u8377\u862d\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u771f\u5be6\u8207\u5426,\u9019\u500b\u6545\u4e8b\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u7570\u570b\u82b1\u5349\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9700\u6c42\u3002 \u5e02\u5834\u64f4\u5f35 \u52301620\u5e74\u4ee3,\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u5df2\u5f9e\u690d\u7269\u6536\u85cf\u5bb6\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u6210\u70ba\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u8c61\u5fb5\u3002\u64c1\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7a2e\u6709\u7a00\u6709\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u7684\u82b1\u5712\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4fee\u990a\u3001\u54c1\u5473\u548c\u8ca1\u5bcc\u3002\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u82b1\u5712\u6210\u70ba\u65c5\u904a\u666f\u9ede,\u4e3b\u4eba\u6536\u53d6\u9580\u7968\u8cbb\u7528\u8b93\u4eba\u53c3\u89c0\u4ed6\u5011\u73cd\u8cb4\u7684\u6a19\u672c\u3002\u82b1\u6735\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u8377\u862d\u975c\u7269\u756b\u4e2d,\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u978f\u56fa\u4e86\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u6587\u5316\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002 \u5c08\u696d\u7a2e\u690d\u8005 \u96a8\u8457\u9700\u6c42\u589e\u52a0,\u5c08\u696d\u7a2e\u690d\u8005\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86,\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u54c8\u52d2\u59c6(Haarlem)\u53ca\u5468\u908a\u5730\u5340,\u90a3\u88e1\u7684\u6c99\u8cea\u571f\u58e4\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u975e\u5e38\u9069\u5408\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u683d\u57f9\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u7a2e\u690d\u8005\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u57f9\u80b2\u548c\u7e41\u6b96\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58,\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u65b0\u54c1\u7a2e,\u540d\u7a31\u5982\u300c\u6c38\u9060\u7684\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u90fd\u300d(Semper Augustus)\u3001\u300c\u7e3d\u7763\u300d(Viceroy)\u548c\u300c\u6d77\u8ecd\u4e0a\u5c07\u8303\u5fb7\u827e\u514b\u300d(Admiral van der Eyck)\u3002\u6700\u58ef\u89c0\u7684\u54c1\u7a2e\u8981\u50f9\u5f88\u9ad8\u2014\u2014\u52301630\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d,\u4e00\u682a\u73cd\u8cb4\u54c1\u7a2e\u7684\u7403\u6839\u53ef\u80fd\u50f9\u503c\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u719f\u7df4\u5de5\u5320\u7684\u5e74\u85aa\u3002 \u72c2\u71b1\u968e\u6bb5(1634-1637) \u5e02\u5834\u6a5f\u5236 \u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u5e02\u5834\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u6700\u521d,\u8cb7\u5bb6\u76f4\u63a5\u5f9e\u7a2e\u690d\u8005\u8cfc\u8cb7\u7403\u6839\u3002\u7136\u800c,\u7531\u65bc\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u6708\u4efd\u5b89\u5168\u79fb\u690d(\u5927\u7d04\u516d\u6708\u81f3\u4e5d\u6708,\u7403\u6839\u4f11\u7720\u6642),\u671f\u8ca8\u5e02\u5834\u61c9\u904b\u800c\u751f\u3002\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6703\u7c3d\u7d04\u8cfc\u8cb7\u4ecd\u5728\u5730\u4e0b\u7684\u7403\u6839,\u5546\u5b9a\u6578\u6708\u5f8c\u4ea4\u4ed8\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u3002 \u9019\u4e9b\u5408\u7d04\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u98a8\u8cbf\u6613\u300d(windhandel),\u6210\u70ba\u53ef\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5c0d\u5be6\u969b\u7a2e\u690d\u9b31\u91d1\u9999\u4e0d\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u6295\u6a5f\u8005\u6703\u8cfc\u8cb7\u5408\u7d04,\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u4ea4\u4ed8\u65e5\u671f\u4e4b\u524d\u4ee5\u76c8\u5229\u51fa\u552e\u3002\u9019\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u9019\u985e\u5de5\u5177\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u884d\u751f\u54c1\u5e02\u5834\u3002 \u9152\u9928\u4ea4\u6613 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